But pigs are not the only animal where the parasite is found. This includes places like the Philippines, as previously mentioned, but also includes countries such as Bolivia and Papua New Guinea. Pigs are a major reservoir of the parasite, and infection of humans occurs more frequently in areas where pigs comingle with people. Currently, Balantidium coli is distributed worldwide but less than 1% of the human population is infected. The first case of balantidiasis in the Philippines, where it is the most common, was reported in 1904. However, this experiment was not successful in creating an infection and it was unclear whether Balantidium coli was the actual parasite used. The first study to generate balantidiasis in humans was undertaken by Cassagrandi and Barnagallo in 1896.
Monitoring the contacts of balantidiasis patients.īalantidiasis can be treated with tetracycline, metronidazole or iodoquinol. Some specific safeguards include the following: Preventative measures require effective personal and community hygiene. In addition, the diagnosis of balantidiasis can be made by microscopic examination of stools in search of trophozoites or cysts, or colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy to obtain a biopsy from the large intestines which may provide evidence for the presence of trophozoites. However, the diagnosis of balantidiasis can be considered when a patient has diarrhea combined with a probable history of current exposure to pigs (since pigs are the primary reservoir), contact with infected persons, or anal intercourse. The diagnosis of balantidiasis can be an intricate process, partly because the related symptoms may or may not be present. Instead, the cyst is the form that the parasite takes when it causes infection. The cyst form also differs from the trophozoite form because it is non-motile and does not undergo reproduction. Unlike the trophozoite, whose surface is covered only with cilia, the cyst form has a tough wall made of one or more layers. In its cyst stage, the parasite takes on a smaller, more spherical shape, with a diameter of around 40 to 60 µm. At this stage, the organism is not infective but it can replicate by transverse binary fission. The macronucleus is large and sausage-shaped while the micronucleus is less prominent. Trophozoites possess both a macronucleus and a micronucleus, and both are usually visible. It is its size at this stage that allows Balantidium coli to be characterized as the largest protozoan parasite of humans. In the trophozoite form, they can be oblong or spherical, and are typically 30 to 150 µm in length and 25 to 120 µm in width. Equally dangerous, however, is the ingestion of contaminated food.” Morphology īalantidium coli exists in either of two developmental stages: trophozoites and cysts. 
“Contaminated water is the most common mechanism of transmission. Balantidiasis is a zoonotic disease and is acquired by humans via the feco-oral route from the normal host, the pig, where it is asymptomatic. Transmission īalantidium is the only ciliated protozoan known to infect humans. The most common ones are intermittent diarrhea and constipation or inflammation of the colon combined with abdominal cramps and bloody stools. Usually asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, but the symptoms of balantidiasis include:
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